Samuwar Wasan Kwaikwayo Da Nau’oinsa

Wasan kwaikwayo wani ~angare ne a cikin adabin Hausa, wanda ya ta~o dukkanin harkokin rayuwar ]an Adam ta yau da kullum domin yana bayyana wa mai kallo ko sauraro ko karatu hanyoyin rayuwar jama’a ta fuskar sana’oinsu da yanayin zamantakewarsu da al’adunsu.

Ma’anar Wasan Kwaikwayo

Masana da manazarta da dama sun tofa albarkacin bakinsu dangane da ma’anar wasan kwaikwayo kamar irin su Kofoworala, (1977) wanda ya nuna wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin “Fasaha ce wadda ke samar da jin da]i da annashuwa ga rayuwar ]an Adam”. A nan malamin ya nuna masu kallo na samun jin da]i da annashawa wurin wasan kwaikwayo.

Crow, (1983) cewa ya yi “Wasan kwaikwayo wani irin wasa ne a inda mutane kan kwaikwayi wasu mutane ko wasu abubuwa dangane da halayen su ko irin abubuwan da suke gudanarwa. Ana iya yin wasa dan nisha]antarwa ne ga masu kallo”.

Har ila yau, Dangambo, (1984) cewa ya yi “Wasan kwaikwayo kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, wasa ne da aka gina kan kwaikwayon wani labari ko wata matsala ta rayuwa da ake son isarwa ga jama’a a kan aiwatar da labarin ko matsalar da sauransu, cikin siffar ya}ini wato a zahiri”.

Haka kuma, Ahmed (1985) ya ce “Wasan kwaikwayo shi ne duk wata matsala da ta }unshi abu biyu. Na farko ta zamo wasa ne, ko kuma abu ne wanda yake ba gaskiya ba ne lokacin da ake abin. Na biyu shi ne wasan ya zama ma}asudinsa na sake kama ne. Ta wasan sake kamar nan, mai wasan ko ‘yan wasa za su canja kamanninsu na yau da kullum.

Abdullahi (1986) a nasa bincike ya fa]i cewa; “Wasan kwaikwayo shi ne abu wanda ba da gaske ba, amma mutane ke siffanta kansu da shi ta hanyar wasa da kwaikwayo”.

Muhammad, (1989) ya bayyana cewa; “Wasan kwaikwayo na nufin duk wani aiki, motsi, siffantawa da kamanta wani abu da wani ya yi ko wata dabba ya yi ta cikin raha.

Haka kuma a bayanin Sambo (1990) ya nuna Adamu Ibrahim Malunfashi ya ce “Wasan kwaikwayo koyi ne da yadda wani ko wasu ke yin wani abu. A wajen koyin a iya samun canja kama, ko ta magana, ko tufafi da sauransu. Wannan abin da ake yi ba da gaske ba ne”.

Yar Aduwa, (2008) ya bayyana ma’anar wasan kwaikwayo da cewa “kamance ne na wasu halaye ko yanayin rayuwar ]an Adam wadda ake gudanarwa a cikin raha da annashuwa don cimma wata manufa”.

Bugu-da-}ari, Yar ‘Aduwa (2008) ya sake cewa “Wasan kwaikwayo hanya ce ta baje kolin halayen jama’a da yanayin rayuwarsu ta cikin nisha]i da raha domin su gani su kuma za~i nagari su yi amfani da su sannan su yi watsi da mummuna.

Shi kuma Gusau, (2009) ya ce “Wasan kwaikwayo wata dabara ce wadda ake amfani da ita ta kwaikwayon wasu abubuwa wa]anda wasu rukunoni na al’umma suke aiwatarwa ana yi masu hannunka-mai-sanda tare da yin nuni cikin nisha]i.

[angambo (2011) yana cewa “Wasan kwaikwayo wani labari ne ko wata matsala ta rayuwa da ake son nusarwa ga jama’a”.

Kamar yadda aka nazarta daga ma’anonin masana daban-daban da kuma manazarta, an fahimci abu guda ga wasan kwaikwayo yana tattare da abubuwa, kamar su koyi da sake-kama, da wasa da nisha]i da annashuwa, sannan kuma abin da ba da gaske ba ne, kuma ana yi ne don wasu su gani (‘yan kallo ko masu sauraro) sannan yana iya kasancewa garga]i ne ake yi musu.

Haka kuma ko da a aikace aka gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo, za a fahimci cewa yana nan dai a matsayin wasa, sannan kuma ana }o}ari ne a kamanta wata ]abi’ar rayuwa da ke aukuwa ta hanyar amfani da harshe don isar da sa}o ga al’umma.

Samuwar Wasan Kwaikwayo Da Nau’o’insa

Masana sun bayyana babu wata magana ]aya dangane da samuwar wasan kwaikwayo. Sun nuna wasan kwaikwayo abu ne mai da]a]]en tarihi a duniya baki ]aya, kuma babu wani wanda zai bugi }irji ya ce ga takamaiman ranar da aka fara wasan kwaikwayo. Akwai hasashe da wasu masanan suka yi dangane da samuwar sa kamar haka:

Clark, (1966) ya bayyana cewa “Duk da cewa babu wani ajiyayyen tarihi da ya nuna lokacin da aka fara wasan kwaikwayo, amma ya ce akwai tabbacin wannan nau’i na adabi da]a]]en abu ne, kuma kusan kowace }abila ta wannan }asa tana da shi. A nasa ra’ayin wai har za a  iya raba wa]annan wasannin zuwa gida biyu. Akwai wasannin da ake yi domin girmama abin bautarsu da wa]annan }abilu ke yi wato kamar  bautar da Kanawa suke yi wa Tsumbarbura a }ar}ashin jagorancim Barbushe, ya ce wa]annan su ne na addinin. Akwai wanda ake kira “masgaradas” wato na dodo da kuma irin wa]anda ake shiryawa }ungiya-}ungiya a kowane shekara.

Ogunbiyi (1981) cewa ya yi “Ba wai babu wasan kwaikwayo ba ne a Afirika ba, tun daga farko yadda za a tsare da aiwatar da shi ne babu. A ta}aice samuwar wasan kwaikwayo a nahiyar Afirika ba zai rasa nasaba da harkar bauta wanda mutane da suke aiwatarwa ba. Hakan yakan kasance saboda ala}ar wannan bauta da wasu daga cikin tsarin wasa irin na kwaikwayo. Misali canza kama da amfani da wasu tufafi na musamman da amfani da lokacin aiwatarwa har ma da aiki da umurni”. A don haka a nahiyar Afirika abin da ya sa ake danganta bauta da tushen wasan kwaikwayo shi ne irin sigogin wasan da bautar ta ke ]auke da shi.

Waston (1983) cewa ya yi “Da wasan kwaikwayon Girkawa da na Turawa sun samo asali ne daga bauta irin ta addini, kuma ma har babu maganar addini a ciki, a ‘yan kwanakin nan ana iya sanya wasu abubuwa na bauta da zarar ana bu}atar haka”. A wani }arin bayani kuma ci gaba da cewa ya yi, “Wasan kwaikwayon Girkawa sannan da mai biye da shi watau na Turawa, dukkan su sun samo asali wato tushensu na addini ne, kuma iyayen gijinsu (gumakansu) suna da wata rawa ta musamman mai muhimmanci da suke takawa”. Wa]annan bayanai guda biyu kusan dukkanninsu abu ]aya ne suke nunawa. Wato wasanin kwaikwayo na Girkawa da wanda ake da shi a Turai duk daga abu guda suka faro wato addinin su.

Holt da Winston (1983) sun tabbatar da cewa “Duk inda ake wasan kwaikwayo musamman a tsohuwar daular Girkawa da Turai da Indiya da kuma Japan, tushen sa ]aya ne. Ya taso ko ya samo asali ne daga bukukuwan addini ta musayar zance ko wa}a tsakanin shugaba da ‘yan amshi ko kuma tsakanin }ungiyar mawa}an addini. Sun bayyana Dynoysus a matsayin wani gunkin Girkawa ne mai kula da tsiro, musamman itatuwa, kuma shi ne mai kula da giya ana ma kiransa Bacchus. Wasannin raha da ban dariya sun samo asali ne daga bautar da ake yi masa.

Ahmed, (1985) ya nuna cewa, Sengnor ya tabbatar, “Wa}e da amshi da kuma raye-rayen wasan kwaikwayo na daular Girkawa shekaru aru-aru a da, wa]anda asalin su wasannin kwaikwayon addinin Eleusian ne, cewa ainihin tushensu shi ne bautar Osiris, wanda ake yi a Masar ta jerin gwano, ana wa}e da amshi, ha]e da rawa”.

Yar Aduwa, (2007) ya kawo dalilai guda uku wa]anda yake ganin su ne mafarin samuwar wasan kwaikwayo. Dalili na farko dai shi ne wanda ya ke cewa an fara samun wasan kwaikwayo ne a dalilin bauta, watau irin bukukuwa da ake yi wa abin da jama’a suke bautawa. A lokacin wannan bauta ne shugabannin addini suke kwaikwayon ]abi’un wa]annan allolin nasu, to an ce wai ta haka aka fara samun wasan kwaikwayo.

Dalili na biyu kuma shi ne wai akwai wa}o}i da kirari da akan yi a lokacin binne jarumai, wanda yake bayanin irin halayensu na jarunta, da kuma aka yi nisa wani lokaci har akan samu wani ko wasu mutane masu zuwa suna kwaikwayon irin yadda wa]annan jarumai suke aiwatar da jarumtakarsu, to an ce wai irin wannan kwaikwayo da suke yi a hankali shi ya haifar da yin wasan kwaikwayo.

Dalili na uku kuma shi ne wai wasan kwaikwayo ya samu ne a dalilin bayar da labari da ake wa mutane, misali a dandamali ko kuma idan an je farauta, to a wannan lokaci akan ba wa mutane labarin jarumai na wurin ya}i da kuma farauta, to an ce irin wannan labaru ne a hankali da ake bayar da su da baki aka shiga kwaikwayon wa]annan jarumai, to sannu a hankali wannan shi ma sai ya haifar da wasan kwaikwayo.

Ta yin la’akari da wa]annan dalilai da wannan masani ya kawo ne ake ganin cewa su ne suka haifar da wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ana kyautata zaton an fara wasan kwaikwayo ne a “Greek” wato }asar Girka kimanin wajen shekaru ]ari shida (600) kafin haihuwar Annabi Isah (AS). Girkawa ne dai suka fara yin wa}o}i da raye-raye don su girmama abin bautarsu wato “Dionysis” suna yin wannan biki ne a lokacin na musamman don girmamawa tare da neman wata alfarma a wajen ubangijin na su.

Yar’ aduwa, (2007) ya }ara da cewa a }asashen Asiya kuwa an ce suna da wasannin kwaikwayonsu amma na kansu wanda ba su da ala}a da }asashen Turai. Wa]annan wasannin suna gina su ne a bisa al’adunsu na gargajiya zalla. Misali a }asar Indiya an ce suna daga cikin masu da]a]]an tarihi na wasan kwaikwayo, kodayake ba a san ha}i}anin lokacin da aka fara wa]annan wasanni ba, amma an fara samun wasannin tun daga shekaru 200 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (Alaihis Salam). An ce wani mutum mai suna Bahara shi ne mutumin da ya fara rubuta wasan kwaikwayo a Indiya, wasan mai suna “Netyasastra”. Wannan shi ya bu]e }ofar samun wasannin kwaikwayo a Indiya wa]anda yawancinsu masu ba da nisha]i da farin ciki suke shiryawa.

Haka kuma a }asar China (Sin) an ce wasannin nasu sun samu asali ne daga wa}e-wa}e da raye-raye da ake yi domin girmama abubuwan da suke bautawa. An fara samun wasan kwaikwayo a zamanin wani sarkinsu mai suna Yua (1279-1368).  Labarin haka ya ke a }asar Japan a inda su ma wasannin kwaikwayonsu ya samo asali daga lokacin bikin bauta da suke yi wa abun bautarsu. Wasan kwaikwayon da ya fi shahara a lokacin shi ne mai suna “Kabuki” (Yar’aduwa, 2007).

A don haka a wasu al’umomin Nijeriya wasan kwaikwayo asalinsa shi ma bai rasa nasaba da bukukuwan addini, ko na tsare-tsare, da bukukuwan Yarbawa da na Inyamirai da wasannin dodonnin ruwa na Owo da Ori na Ijaw. Saboda haka ta yin la’akari da wa]annan ra’ayoyi na masana da manazarta da aka zayyana a baya za a fahimci kuma a yanke hukuncin cewa lallai tarihin wasan kwaikwayo da]a]]e ne kuma mai tsawo. Babu shakka bauta da addini sun taka muhimiyyar rawa wajen samuwa da kuma bun}asar wasan kwaikwayo a fa]in duniya wanda ake cin moriyarsa har zuwa yau.

Nau’o’in Wasan Kwaikwayon Hausa 

Wasan kwaikwayo a }asar Hausa yana da nau’o’in sanannu guda biyu. Masana kamar su Yahaya (1987) da [angambo (2008) sun samu daidaituwar ra’ayi a wannan ~angaren, sannan suka raba nau’o’in wasan kwaikwayo kamar haka:

i.                    Wasannin kwaikwayo na Gargajiya

ii.                  Wasannin kwaikwayo na Zamani

     

Wasannin Kwaikwayo Na Gargajiya

Wasannin kwaikwayo na gargajiya wasanni ne da Bahaushiyar al’ada ta yarda da su, wa]anda daga cikin wasannin akan yi  su, ko a gabatar da su a kowane lokaci. Wasu kuma daga cikinsu akwai lokutan da ba a yin su, wasu kuma akan gabatar da su shekara-shekara kuma akan yi su a wasu lokutan bukukuwan al’ada. A irin wa]annan lokuta al’adar Bahaushe ta bada damar a yi wa]annan wasanni, wata}ila domin murnar sake gewayowar wa]annan lokuta da kuma girmama su. Misali a lokacin watan Azumi akan yi wasan tashe da kuma lokutan kaka inda akan yi wasan bu]ar dawa da cin tumu da sauransu.

Akwai tanade-tanade da ake yi wa kowane wasa ta yadda zai tafi daidai da kamannin wasa a al’adance. Misali, a wasannin shekara-shekara na watan Azumi akwai wasanni daban-daban da akan yi duk lokacin da watan Azumi ya kama goma da tsayawa, kamar wasannin tashe.

Za a iya cewa akwai al’adu da dama wa]anda suka danganci wasan kwaikwayo. Ire-iren wa]annan al’adu kuwa sun ha]a da wa]anda yara ko samari suke kwaikwayo tsakaninsu. Wa]annan su ne ake kira wasannin kwaikwayo na gargajiya ko na asali.

A dangane da haka ne aka kawo ka]an daga cikin ire-iren wasannin kwaikwayo na gargajiya da Hausawa ke yi tun kafin zuwan addinin Musulunci. Da farko an kasa wasannin ne zuwa rukuni-rukuni kamar haka:

-          Wasannin Kwaikwayo na Matasa: Shi wannan rukunin ya }unshi ire-iren wasannin da matasa ke gudanarwa musamman ma a dandali. Misalan ire-iren wasannin sun ha]a da; kalankuwa, Takkai, Jatau mai magani wasan mairama da Dauda da sauransu.

-          Wasannin Kwaikwayo na Masu Sana’a: Su ire-iren wa]annan wasanni ne da ake danganta su da wata sana’a. Misalansu sun ha]a da; Wasan  ‘yan kama, wasan ‘yan hoto wasan ma}era, wasan Mahauta.

-          Wasannin Kwaikwayo na Lalura: Su wa]annan wasannin akan shirya su ne a dalilin samuwar wata lalura watau idan wani abu ya faru ake yin su, sai a da]e ba a yi wasan ba. Misalan ire-iren wasannin su ne na ro}on ruwa, da kuma na husufi watau in rana ta kama wata.

-          Wasannin Kwaikwayo na Tashe: Tashe al’ada ce ta Hausawa da akan yi a cikin watan nan mai alfarma wato watan Ramadan. Tashe wasa ne da ‘yan mata da samari watau yara }anana kan shirya shi a lokacin Azumi ta yin kwaikwayon wasu abubuwa da kan faru a lokacin suna yin su bayan an sha ruwa da nufin ba da nisha]i ga wa]anda suka yi Azumi. Ire-iren wa]annan wasannin Tashe sun ha]a da; wasan mai ciki, mai }iriniya, kayi-rawa-kai-malam. Na ci na kasa tashi, macukule da sauransu.

Wa]annan wasannin kwaikwayo su ne aka gada kaka-da-kakanni kuma suna da matu}ar tasiri ga rayuwar Bahaushe domin kuwa akwai darussa da dama da ake koyo a gare su. Haka kuma sukan cusa wa yara maza da mata, samari da ‘yan mata tarbiyya tare da juriya da kuma jaruntaka.

Wasannin Kwaikwayo Na Zamani

Rubutaccen wasan kwaikwayo, da yake a rubuce ake samar da shi, an san lokacin da aka fara yin sa. Abin mamaki a nan shi ne wannan sashe na adabi bai samu ha~aka kamar sauran takwarorinsa ba, wato rubutun zube da rubutattun wa}o}in Hausa. An yi wallafe-wallafe da dama a rubutun zube da rubutattun wa}o}i wa]anda suka samu kar~awa sosai ga al’umma fiye da rubutun wasan kwaikwayo.

Shi rubutaccen wasan kwaikwayo kuwa mai gajeren tarihi ne, in an kwatanta shi da sauran ~angarori na adabin zamani na Hausa, wannan ya sa ake ganin ya fi su }uruciya. Dalili kuwa shi ne addinin Musulunci bai ba shi muhimmanci ba, kuma shi ya sa al’ummar Larabawa ba ta rubuta shi ba, sai wajen }arni na 18 suka fara rubuta shi. A Hausa kuwa, an fara rubuta shi ne bayan da Turawa suka zo har ma da wajen shekaru talatin da kama mulkinsu. Sai a wajen shekara ta 1930 aka fara samar da littafin wasan kwaikwayon Hausa shida “The six Hausa Plays” wanda wani Bature, mai suna R.M. East ya rubuta a 1930. Haka kuma wasu su na ganin cewa an dai samu littafin wasan kwaikwayo da ]an }asa Bahaushe ya rubuta a shekarar 1949, mai suna Wasan Marafa da Abubakar Tunau ya rubuta kuma kamfanin NORLA, Zariya ya buga. Daga baya ne wasan kwaikwayo ya ri}a ha~aka da gaske wanda har ya kasance ya kusa tarar da zube a tsakanin 1971 zuwa 1974 da kuma tsakanin 1981 zuwa 1986 in an bi tsarin yadda aka rubuta su.

A ta}aice rubutaccen wasan kwaikwayo na zamani ya }unshi rassa guda shida, kamar haka: -

(a)    Wasan kwaikwayo na littattafai

(b)   Wasan kwaikwayo na Rediyo

(c)    Wasan kwaikwayon Talbijin

(d)   Wasan kwaikwayo na Silima/Majigi

(e)    Wasan kwaikwayo na Dandamali

(f)     Wasan kwaikwayo na Bidiyo / Fim

Wa]annan dukkaninsu nau’o’i ne na rubutaccen wasan kwaikwayo wanda akan tsara su ne a rubuce kafin a aiwatar da su a Talabijin ko Rediyo ko silima ko dandamali ko kuma a Fim. A don haka wannan bincike zai karkata ne ga nazari a kan wasan kwaikwayo na Rediyo.